Kenya recently made history as the first sub-Saharan African country to earn the Major Non-NATO Ally (MNNA) status from the United States.

This special status, granted under US law, marked a strong strategic and security partnership between the two nations. Announced on June 24, 2024, the designation reflects a close bond between Nairobi and Washington, building on years of cooperation.

Former US President Joe Biden had promised this recognition during President William Ruto's visit to Washington in May 2024, calling it “a fulfilment of years of collaboration.”

Kenya earned this status not only for its longstanding partnership but also for its leadership role in a multinational security mission in Haiti.

Now, this important relationship faces a challenge as the US Congress begins reviewing Kenya’s MNNA status. Senator Jim Risch, who leads the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, has proposed an amendment to the National Defense Authorization Act to assess Kenya’s position as a Major Non-NATO Ally.

The review process

The current review led by Senator Risch focuses on several concerns. One major issue is whether US intelligence and military support have been linked to acts against civilians in Kenya, including kidnappings, torture, or violence.

This raises serious questions about human rights within the US-Kenya partnership.

Another concern is Kenya’s ties with other global powers.

The amendment asks for a detailed look at Kenya’s military, political, and financial links with China, Russia, and Iran. Kenya’s promised deployment of 1,000 police officers to Haiti, a mission supported by the US, is also under scrutiny.

The bill states that the review should include:
“An assessment of relationship of Kenya with the United States in countering violent extremism, achieving and maintaining peace and security in Sub-Saharan Africa and in Haiti, as a United Nations peacekeeping troop contributing country, and as an economic partner.

A detailed description of the military and security relationship of the Government of Kenya with the People's Republic of China, the Russian Federation, and Iran, including any engagements, agreements, or joint activities since June 24, 2024.”

These points show that Kenya’s MNNA status depends on how well it aligns with US interests. The United States expects MNNA countries to at least follow US foreign policy goals closely.

Kenya, which plays a key role in regional security, now faces the difficult task of balancing its strategic ties with the US and its own national interests amid a changing global scene.

Risk of shifting alliances

Pressure from the US could push Kenya closer to other global powers like China and Russia if Nairobi feels its independence is threatened. However, Kenya’s Foreign Affairs Principal Secretary, Korir Sing’Oei, assures that the review will respect Kenya’s sovereignty.

“No need to be too excited SC @Paul_Muite. The issues canvassed in the congressional bill will be comprehensively addressed, taking into account Kenya’s sovereignty and interests,” he said.

A possible review or loss of MNNA status could affect Kenya’s military strength, economy, and global standing.

Military and Security

If Kenya’s MNNA status is revoked or reviewed negatively, the country would lose important military and security benefits. This includes access to US defense equipment and advanced technology.

Kenya would no longer be eligible for loans of materials, supplies, or equipment used for joint research, development, testing, or evaluation.

Kenya would also lose the right to host US War Reserve Stockpiles on its soil. Agreements for training programs, where both sides share costs, might be canceled. Kenyan companies would be barred from bidding on contracts to maintain or repair US Department of Defense equipment outside the US.

Funding for projects like counter-terrorism research and explosives detection could be cut. This would hurt ongoing efforts such as the planned expansion of the Manda Bay airfield.

Ultimately, these losses could reduce Kenya’s military readiness and its ability to work alongside US forces in regional security, especially in fighting terrorism.

Diplomatic and Economic consequences

The MNNA status also gives Kenya a strong diplomatic boost, increasing trust and encouraging foreign investments. Losing this status could lower Kenya’s diplomatic rank and harm its image internationally. This might scare off investors and reduce foreign direct investment.

The US plays a major role in global financial institutions and aid organizations. A weaker US-Kenya relationship could affect funding and loans from these bodies, influencing investor confidence in Kenya.

Looking ahead

The US Congressional review of Kenya’s MNNA status presents a complex challenge for Nairobi. It shows a push by the US for Kenya to improve on human rights and global alignments.

If the bill passes, the Secretary of State, along with the Secretaries of Defense and Treasury and the Director of National Intelligence, must complete a review and submit a secret report to Congress within 180 days.